DETERMINATION OF SOLIDS IN STREAM WASTEWATER AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS

 DETERMINATION OF SOLIDS IN STREAM WASTEWATER AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS

AIM AND OBJECTIVE:

To determine the amount of solids in stream wastewater and industrial effluents.                                                                                                                       

                     THEORY:

This technique is for the determination of total solids and its settled and unpredictable parts in such solid and semi-solid sample as stream and lake residue, slops isolated from water and wastewater treatment procedures, and slime cakes from vacuum filtration, centrifugation, or other ooze dewatering forms. 

A bit of the example is measured at that point ashed for a hour at 550°C ± 50°C and the weight contrast speaks to the percent dampness. The percent solids can be figured by subtracting the percent dampness from 100. 

''Add up to solids'' is the term connected to the material deposit left in the vessel after dissipation of an example and its resulting drying in a stove at a characterized temperature. Add up to solids incorporates ''add up to suspended solids,'' a few aggregate solids held by a channel, and ''aggregate broke up solids,'' the segment that goes through the channel. ''Settled solids'' is the term connected to the buildup of aggregate, suspended, or broke up solids in the wake of warming to dryness for a predefined time at a predetermined temperature. The weight reduction on start is called ''unstable solids.'' All weighings ought to be made at the earliest opportunity as wet examples have a tendency to get thinner by dissipation. In the wake of drying or start, deposits regularly are extremely hygroscopic and quickly retain dampness from the air.

                      METHODOLOGY:

           APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

1. Oven
2. pipette
3. Evaporating dish
4. Funnel
5. Filter paper
6. Conical flask
7. Weighing balance

Weighing balanceoven conical flask Evaporating dish

 Filter paper funnel

 Pipette

MATERIALS USED

1. Stream water sample
2. Industrial effluents

         

                PROCEDURE

1. The evaporating dishes A2, A3, H2 and H3 were weighed and recorded.
2. 50ml of industrial effluent sample was pipetted into evaporating dishes A2 and H2, with the sample in A2 filtered and the sample in H2 unfiltered.
3. 50ml of stream wastewater sample was pipetted into evaporating dishes A3 and H3, with the sample in A3 filtered and the sample in H3 unfiltered.
4. All the samples in the evaporating dish were then placed in an oven for 120hours, then the samples were removed from the oven and the dishes were weighed with the residue contained in them.
5. The weights of residue were obtained in each as (weight of dish + residue) – (weight of empty dish)
6. The samples were oven-dried and the residue weights are noted.

                         OBSERVATION

1. It was observed that the rate of passage of the industrial effluent through the filter paper was higher than that of the stream water sample.
2. It was observed that solid residue was retained on the filter paper after filtering.
3. When the evaporating was brought out of the oven it was observed that some solid residual/waste remained in the dish.

                            PRECAUTION

1. It was ensured that the samples to be measured were thoroughly mixed in order to ensure an even distribution of solids in the sample before pipetting.
2. Resistant-glass or conical flask were used to ensure that the material in suspension does not adhere to container walls.
3. The Samples were measured accurately, weighed carefully, dried completely and appropriately.
4. Regular checking of oven temperature was carried out to ensure that the oven temperature was maintained and in desired temperature range.

RESULTS AND CALCULATION

DATA:

FIRST WASTE WATER SAMPLE
No	Weight of dish (g)	Weight of dish + residue (g)	Weight of residue (g)	Designation
1	1A = 53.50	55.30	1.80	Unfiltered
2	2B = 53.10	54.80	1.70	Filtered

SECOND WASTE WASTER SAMPLE
1	3C = 55.00	57.00	2.00	Unfiltered
2	4D = 56.80	56.85	0.05	Filtered

CALCULATIONS:

FOR FIRST WASTE WATER SAMPLE

Total Solids (mg/l) = {mg of total solids X 1000} / ml of sample

                             = {1800 X 1000} / 50

                             = 36000 mg/l

Total dissolved solids      = {1700 X 1000} / 50

                                      = 34000 mg/l.

Total suspended solids   = TS – TDS = 36000 - 34000

                                       = 2000 mg/l.

FOR SECOND WASTE WASTER SAMPLE

Total Solids (mg/l) = {mg of total solids X 1000} / ml of sample

                             = {2000 X 1000} / 50

                             = 40000 mg/l

Total dissolved solids      = {50 X 1000} / 50

                                      = 1000 mg/l.

Total suspended solids   = TS – TDS = 40000 - 1000

                                       = 39000 mg/l.

                         CONCLUSION

At the end of the experiment, the wastewater samples and the industrial effluent have total solids with density of 2000mg/l and 4000mg/l respectively, these are higher than the given W.H.O (World Health Organization) threshold value of 1500mg/l and thus are unsafe to be consumed as potable drinking water.

However, these samples could be suitable for domestic use and probably agricultural purposes such as irrigation.

RECOMMENDATION:

Total solids are nothing but summation of total dissolved solids and total suspended solid. Regular monitoring of total solids can help detect trends that might indicate increasing erosion in developing watershed. Total solids also affect water clarity. Total solids may indicate the presence of agricultural activities, dredging, or mining upstream from a site sample.

Therefore, Due to the high Total Solid (TS) content of the wastewater and industrial effluents samples, the following remedial measures should be put in place:

1. The water samples should be given proper treatment to eliminate physical, chemical and biological substances that are hazardous to human Health and aquatic life.
2. The water samples could be used for irrigational purposes in agriculture since it is unsafe for drinking.
3. The water sample could also be used in road construction for wetting laterite if found suitable for such purpose and also for construction purposes.